Introduction Black rot of apple, also called frogeye leaf spot, is a fungal disease that infects the fruit, leaves, and bark of various hardwood trees, including apple, pear, and quince.…

Introduction Pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae), also referred to as white scale, is a tiny armored insect that infests various species of pine. The insect is notable for the distinct…

Introduction White pine blister rust is a fungal disease of white pine. It is caused by the fungus, Cronartium ribicola. The disease pathogen is native to Asia. It was inadvertantly…

Introduction Pine-oak gall rust, also referred to as eastern gall rust, is a fungal disease that affects various pine and oak trees. The disease is native to North America. It…

Introduction Pine-pine gall rust, also referred to as western gall rust, and Woodgate gall rust, is a fungal disease that infects two and three needle pine trees. It is caused…

Introduction Lophodermium needle cast is a fungal disease that affects two and three needled pines, as well as some five needled pines. The disease is caused by the fungus, Lophodermium…